FINITE AND NON-FINITE VERB

Finite and Non-Finite Verb


A finite verb (sometimes called main verbs) is a verb that has a subject, this means that it can be the main verb in a sentence. It shows tense (past / present etc) or number (singular /plural).

For example:-I live in Germay. (I is the subject - live describes what the subject does - live is a finite verb).

 

The perfect infinitive

to have + past participle

For example: to have broken, to have seen, to have saved.

This form is most commonly found in Type 3 conditional sentences, using the conditional perfect.

"Finite verbs can be recognized by their form and their position in the sentence. Here are some of the things to look for when you are trying to identify the finite verbs in a sentence:

1. Most finite verbs can take an -ed or  -d at the end of the word to indicate time in the past: cough, coughed; celebrate, celebrated. A hundred or so finite verbs do not have these endings
   
   
2. Nearly all finite verbs take an -s at the end of the word to indicate the present when the subject of the verb is third-person singular: cough, he coughs; celebrate, she celebrates. The exceptions are auxiliary verbs like can and must. Remember that nouns can also end in -s. Thus the dog races can refer to a spectator sport or to a fast-moving third-person singular dog.
3. Finite verbs are often groups of words that include such auxiliary verbs as can, must, have, and be: can be suffering, must eat, will have gone.
4. Finite verbs usually follow their subjects: He coughs. The documents had compromised him. They will have gone.
5. Finite verbs surround their subjects when some forms of a question are asked: Is he coughing? Did they celebrate?

For example:

• If I had known you were coming I would have baked a cake.
• Someone must have broken the window and climbed in.
• I would like to have seen the Taj Mahal when I was in India.
• He pretended to have seen the film.
• If I'd seen the ball I would have caught it.

Non-Finite Verbs
A non-finite verb has no subject, tense or number. The only non-finite verb forms are the infinitive (indicated by to), the gerund or the participle.

For example:-
I travelled to Germany to improve my German. (To improve is in the infinitive form).

NOUN PHRASE

Noun Phrase

A beautiful girl, a handsome vocalist, a huge temple, a lazy boy, and so on. Tau pola kalimat itu apa? Good. That is a noun phrase.


Nouns in English are traditionally described as naming “persons, places, things, and ideas. Pronouns are subcategory of nouns. Noun phrases are formed by a noun or pronoun and any modifiers, complements, or determiners including adjectives, determiners, prepositional phrases, noun clauses, and verbal phrases.
A noun phrase most commonly functions as a subject, object, or complement.
Examples:
• My coach is happy.
• I like the cars over there.
• The man who lives there is my uncle.

Noun and noun phrases perform ten grammatical functions in the English language. The ten functions are:
1. Subject.
2. Subject complement.
3. Direct object.
4. Object complement.
5. Indirect object.
6. Prepositional complement.
7. Noun phrase modifier.
8. Determinative.
9. Appositive.
10. Adverbial.

From a functional point of view, the noun phrase has four major function components, occurring in a fixed order:
• The determinative, that constituent which determines the reference in its linguistic or situational context.
• Premodification, which comprises all the modifying or describing constituents before the head, other than the determiners.

• The head, around which the other constituents cluster.

• Post modification, those which comprise all the modifying constituents placed after the head.


Structures of noun phrase:
The structure of this noun phrase contains three sections:
1. Noun phrase: pre-modifiers + noun
a. White house; here white is a pre-modifier and house is a noun.

2. Noun phrase: noun + post-modifiers. (the most common post-modifier is prepositional phrases)
a. The boy in the store; here in the store is the post-modifier.

3. Noun phrase: pre-modifier + noun + post-modifier
a. The children in the garden; here the is the pre-modifier, children is the noun, in the garden is the post-modifier. 
 

PASSIVE VOICE

Passive Voice

 

There are two voices in English, the active and the passive. The active tells us what the subject does, for example: The secretary wrote a letter. The passive tell us what is done to the subject, for example: The letter was written by the secretary.

Definition of passive voice:
A passive construction occurs when you make the object of an action into the subject of a sentence. That is, whoever or whatever is performing the action is not grammatical subject of the sentence.
The generic structure:
• Active: S + V active + O
• Passive: O + to be + V3 + by + S

Active to passive voice
Simple Present
Noun + is/am/are + V3
Active: she is write a letter.
Passive: A letter is written by her.

Present continuous
Noun + is/am/are + being + V3
Active: I am buying a motorcycle.
Passive: A motorcycle is being bought by me.

Simple Past
Noun + was/were + V3
Active: The police released the hostages.
Passive: The hostages were released by the police.

Past Continuous 
Noun + was/were + being +V3
Active: The officer was investigating the case.
Passive: The case was being investigated by the officer.

Simple Future
Noun + shall/will + be +V3
Active: The judges will issue a verdict against the accused.
Passive: A verdict against the accused will be issued by the judges.

Past Future
Noun + should/would + be +V3
Active: The investigator would hand in the file.
Passive: The file would be handed in by the investigator.

Simple Present Perfect
Noun + has/have + been + V3
Active: A local resident has uncovered an ancient boat.
Passive: An ancient boat has been uncovered by a local resident.

Past Perfect
Noun + had + been + V3
Active: We had found your watch.
Passive: Your watch had been found by us.

Simple Future Perfect
Noun + shall/will + have + been + V3
Active: The witness shall have shown the evidence.
Passive: The evidence will have been shown by the witness.

Past Future Perfect
Noun + should/would + have + been + V3
Active: The major should have been invited by the president.
Passive: The president should have been invited by the major.

Modals
Noun + must/shall/will/have to/has to + be + V3
Active: Sugiarto must report his attendance to the police once a week.
Passive: His attendance must be reported by Sugiarto to the police once a week.

If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:
—Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.
—Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence
Use of passive 
Passive voice is use when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.
Example: My bike was stolen.
In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I don’t know, however, who did it.
Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite then active voice, as the following example shows: A mistake was made.
In this case, the focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I don’t blame anyone.

When we rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
• The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.
• The finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle).
• The subject of the active sentence becomes by Agent in the passive sentence (or is dropped).
• Only active sentence containing object which can be changed into passive form.
• The two forms should have the same tenses.

How about the negative and interrogative?
Take a look at the followings:
• People don’t use bikes anymore.
• Bikes are not used anymore.
• Did the students play the cards in the class yesterday?
• Were the cards played in the class yesterday?

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

Simple Future Tense

Simple Future Tense used to express occurrence/activity to happened/to be done in the future,do 10 minutes or 1 hour to come ,tomorrow ,the day after tomorrow ,next week,next month ,next year,and so on.If past tenses express occurrence/activity after now ( time past ) ,tenses future simple express occurrence /activity before now.
( time future).
Positive Tenses

Pattern :

S + will+ verb1+ O+ modifier
S + ( is,are.am ) + going + verb1+ O+ modifier
S + ( is,are,am ) + ( verb1 + ing ) + O + modifier
emhh .. example for positive tenses... let us look again: :
Farmers in Jati Bali will grow rice crops next month
Some students are going to conduct research on vegetative plant propagations next semester.
Transpiration will start to increase tomorrow morning.
Negative Tense
Pattern :
S + will + not + verb1+ O + modifier
S +{ ( is,are,am ) going to }+ not +verb1 + O + modifier
S + ( is,are,am ) + ( verb1 + ing ) + O + modifier
emhh .. next example for negative tenses... let us look again: : :
Farmers in Jati Bali will not grow rice crops next month
Transpiration will not start to increase tonight
He will not be very happy when he finds out.
Question
Pattern :
Will + S + verb1+ O + modifier
Will + S + { ( is,are,am ) going to }+ O + modifier
Will + S + ( is,are,am ) + ( verb1 + ing ) + O + modifier
emhh .. next example for question tenses... let us look again:
Will farmers in Jati in Bali grow rice crops next month ?
Will transpiration start to increase tomorrow morning ?
Will he be very happy when he finds out?

ASKING FOR INFORMATION

Asking For Information

There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English.Here are some of the most common:

* Could you tell me...?

* Do you know...?

* Do you happen to know...?

* I'd like to know...

* Could you find out...?

* I'm interested in...

* I'm looking for...

EXAMPLE:

Tobi:Tiny,do you know that Bella had been married?

Tiny:Yes,she's got married a week ago.

Tobi:I'd like to know with whom she was married?

Tiny:She was married with Rendy.

Tobi:Where do they get married?

Tiny:They married in Jakarta.

SURPRISES AND DISBELIEFS

Surprises and Disbeliefs 

a)Expression surprise is expression which someone when get a surprise.
Surprise can have valence.It can be neutral expression, pleasant or accordingly some would not categories surprise in itself as an emotion or every human.

Expressing surprise
• Here are some other expressions to show surprise.Telling surprising news
 Guess what!
 Surprise!
 I’ve got news, for you
 Do you know what?
 You won’t believe it!

Expressing surprise :
 Wow! What a surprise!
 That’s a surprise!
 That’s very surprising!
 Really?
 What?
 Are you serious? You must be joking!
 You’re kidding!
 Fancy that!
 I must say it surprises me.
 I find it hard to believe

Responding:
 Yeah!
 It is!
 Yup!
 Sure.
 It’s true.
 I’m serious.
 No, I’m not.
 It is.
 Does it?
 It is, isn’t it?



b)Expression disbelief is expression to not believe something or someone with reason or unreason.
Expressing disbelief
• Here are some sentences to express disbelief.
Asking if you believe it or not.
 Do you believe it?
 Wouldn’t you believe it?
 Can you imagine that?
 You don’t believe it, do you?
 Don’t you think it’s odd that….?

Expressing disbelief:
 I don’t believe it.
 It can’t be true.
 I can’t think of it.
 I don’t trust you.

Responding to believe or not.
 No, I don’t believe it.
 Are you serious?
 Are you joking?
 Are you kidding?
 You must be joking/kidding!
 Oh, no! that’s not true!
 You don’t say!
 Seeing is believing.
 Really? That sounds interesting.
 Really? It’s surprising that.
 Good heavens
 My goodness!
 This is really a surprise!

Example conversation of expression surprise:
Erna:Whose motorbike is that?
Andre:It’s Norman’s.
Erna:Are you kidding me?
Andre:No, I’m not. I saw her riding that motorbike this morning.
Erna:What a surprise!

Example conversation of expression disbeliefs:
Yosi:Do you still remember the girl we met yesterday?
Mario:Yes.
Yosi:I can’t believe my eyes when I saw her riding a sport car this morning.
Mario:A sport car?
Yosi:Yes. She looked gorgeous!
Mario:I don’t believe you. You must be dreaming.